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System Components Available Levels of Treatment Ozone Roughing Pre-Filter BioSand Filter BioCarbon Filter Aerated Water Storage Arsenic Filter Uranium Filter Technical Information Available Levels of Treatment S- Slow sand filtration SC- Slow sand filtration combined with biological activated carbon filtration SCO- Ozone pre-treatment with slow sand and biological activated carbon filtration SCOR- Ozone pre-treatment with roughing filtration preceding slow sand and biological activated carbon filtration TOP
Ozone For treatment of taste and odour problems, inactivation of pathogens, highly contaminated water sources; used in conjunction with BioSand and BioCarbon. Ozone (O3: 3 oxygen atoms) occurs naturally in the atmosphere, or it can be manufactured with an ozone generator. Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that oxidizes or "breaks up" contaminants into smaller pieces that are more easily digested by the micro-organisms in the BioSand and BioCarbon filters. For water with extremely high levels of contaminants and taste or odour issues, ozone pre-treatment is recommended. It allows greater contaminant loading by the system, more efficient digesting of contaminants, and the ability for the system to deal with a wider range of contaminant problems.   TOP
Roughing Pre-Filter For pre-treatment removal of iron, parasites, colour, cysts,manganese, arsenic, lead, mercury and turbidity. The Roughing Pre-Filter is an option available as a part of Mainstream's multistage biological filtration process, used in highly contaminated surface water conditions, and certain ground water applications. It serves the following three functions: 1. Protecting the BioSand Filter from solids loading, which increases its run length between backwashing sequences. 2. Improving turbidity when the Roughing Pre-Filter is ahead of the BioSand Filter. 3. Contributing to coliform removal. The Roughing Pre-Filter acts as a biological pre-filter, enhancing the treatment in the next treatment stages. It can also remove larger suspended solids such as algae, provide additional removal of coliforms under challenging operating conditions, and contribute to the removal of Cryptosporidium.  TOP
BioSand Filter For treatment of iron, parasites, colour, cysts, manganese, mercury and turbidity. Biological water treatment uses living microorganisms found naturally in all water sources to purify the water. The Mainstream Biofiltration system gives these microorganisms a “home” where the untreated water flows through at a pre-determined rate. While the untreated water is making its way through the system, these microorganisms feed on the contaminants in the water. As the microorganisms populate the BioSystem, they form a highly effective water treatment system. In the BioSand system, most of the microorganisms are concentrated in the top several inches of the sand. The untreated water enters the system and by the time the water flows through the BioSand, most contaminants are digested by the microorganisms.  TOP
BioCarbon Filter For treatment of dissolved organic carbon (dissolved organic material in water), tannins, pesticides, iron, bacteria, color, odors. It is used in conjunction with BioSand for further treatment of iron, parasites, color, turbidity, cysts, manganese and mercury. Mainstream BioFiltration systems rely on two separate environments, BioSand and BioCarbon, that work together as a complete system. BioCarbon is used in conjunction with BioSand for further treatment of problem water. BioCarbon absorbs contaminants from the water and microorganisms that populate the outside of the carbon feed on the trapped contaminants. By providing two different treatment environments, the Mainstream BioSystem is the most efficient and effective biological water treatment system available.  TOP
Aerated Water Storage For storage of non-chlorinated water for filter rinsing and recirculating through the BioCarbon Multimedia filters. Water treated through the Biofiltration system is kept in constant motion in Mainstream’s unique aerated storage tank. This prevents water from going “stale” and the storage tank also recirculates the water through the BioCarbon tank. This prevents oxygen depletion of water and ensures efficient use of the BioCarbon environment.  TOP
Arsenic Filter BioSand impregnated with special iron filings to boost arsenic absorption capacity of Biosand filter(s) component.  TOP
Uranium Filter Special fast flow filter using long life uranium absorbing media (eventual uranium removal program with spent media).  TOP
Technical Information Gottinger, A., D. Price, B. Hanson & D. McMartin. (2007). The effectiveness and suitability of slow sand filters to treat Canadian rural prairie water. Ozone Bourgine, F., J. Chapman, R.Bastiment, M. Gennery & J. Green (1998). The effect of ozonation on particle removal in drinking water treatment. J.CIWEM. June., pp.170-174. USEPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants. EPA Guidance Manual, pp. 3-1 3.52 Roughing Filtration Cleary, S.(2005). Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage Slow Sand Filtration. [Thesis]. Pacini, V.,A. Ingallinella & G. Sanguinetti. (2005). Removal of Iron and Manganese Using Biological Roughing Up Flow Filtration Technology. Water Research: 39:4463-4475 Slow Sand Filtration McConnell, L.R. Sims & B. Barnett. (1984). Reovirus Removal and Inactivation by Slow-Rate Sand Filtration. Applied Science and Microbiology. Vol. 48 No.4, pp. 818-825 (electronic version) Washington State Department of Health, Division of Drinking Water. (2003). Slow Sand Filtration and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration for Small Water Systems. Melin, T. Techneau European Commission. (2006). Ozonation and BioFiltration in Water Treatment: Operational status and Optimization Issues. 1-79 Biological Activated Carbon Filtration Kirisits, M. & V. Snoeyink. (1999).Reduction of Bromate in a BAC Filter. Journal AWWA., Vol.91, No.8, pp.74-84 Kirisits, M., V. Snoeyink, . Inan, H. Chee-Sanford, L. Raskin & J. Brown. (2001). Water Quality factors affecting bromate reduction in biologically active carbon filters. Water Research. Vol 35, No.4, pp.891-900 Scholz, M. & R. Martin. (1997). Ecological equilibrium on biological activated carbon. Water Research. Vol. 31, No. 12, pp.2959-2968. Xiaojian, Z., W. Zhansheng & G. Xiasheng. (1991) Simple combination of biodegration and carbon adsorption the mechanism of the biological activated carbon process. Water Research. Vol. 25, No.2, pp.165-172. TOP |